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Whiteflies

Whiteflies are small, winged insects that feed primarily on the undersides of leaves. They are common in greenhouses, gardens, and field crops, especially in warm and humid conditions. Whiteflies reproduce rapidly, with multiple overlapping generations per year, which allows populations to build up quickly. Both nymphs and adults feed by piercing plant tissues and sucking out the sap, weakening plants and affecting overall growth.

Whiteflies infest a wide variety of plants, including vegetables (tomatoes, cucurbits), fruit trees (citrus, apples), ornamentals, and greenhouse crops, making them a major pest in many horticultural systems. Their feeding not only removes vital nutrients from the plant but also produces honeydew, a sticky substance that can lead to secondary problems.

Recognize the signs of infestation

Check leaf undersides for clusters of white adults or nymphs. Sticky traps help detect early infestations.

  • Yellowing leaves: Feeding by whiteflies removes nutrients, leading to yellow or pale leaves. The damage is often most visible on the lower or older leaves first.
  • Wilting and stunted growth: Heavy infestations can weaken plants, causing slower growth, reduced vigor, or smaller overall size.
  • Sticky residue (honeydew): Whiteflies excrete a sugary substance called honeydew, which coats leaves and stems. This can attract ants and promote secondary problems.
  • Sooty mold growth: Honeydew can foster the development of black, sooty mold on leaves and stems. While the mold does not directly feed on the plant, it can block sunlight, reducing photosynthesis and further weakening the plant.
  • Leaf drop or premature fruit drop: Severe infestations can lead to leaves or fruits falling off prematurely, affecting crop yield.
  • Virus transmission: Whiteflies are vectors for numerous plant viruses, including Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus (TYLCV) and Cucurbit Yellow Stunting Disorder Virus (CYSDV). Infected plants may show yellowing, mottling, or distorted growth.

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